check this link for the approximate timing. the days mentioned is working days and you need to consider holidays.
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/check-processing-times.html
consider the holidays as well. The number of days is working days not calendar days. Also, biometrics submission is not included in the count.
If after that you still did not receive any notice, you may contact them through the same link.
Where did you apply? check this link.
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/check-processing-times.html
Note that this is only an approximate time. it may be shorter or longer depending on the time needed to review your application.
If you have not submitted yet. you can change the answers to the questionnaire and include that you are bringing your kids. If not, you have to apply separately.
The date mentioned is an estimate. It can take longer depending on different circumstances. It's not advisable to apply visa close to your planned travel dates.
You may contact them though through IRCC Web form.
Canada has no minimum requirement for passport. Your friend may still use it.
Alternatively, your friend can renew his passport and bring the old with the visa stamp on it.