Observations regarding no pre-landing credit:
Whether or not Canada should give credit, toward qualifying for citizenship, to a PR's time in Canada prior to that individual becoming a PR, time during which the individual would have no permanent commitment to Canada, is open to debate. That is not a debate I take sides regarding.
But there has been some rhetoric arguing that those who were living and working in Canada prior to becoming a PR are entitled to such credit, as a matter of fundamental fairness, which fails to acknowledge the essential nature of being in Canada with temporary status.
I offer the following in an effort to try explaining what I think the government's perspective is. It is not my perspective, but rather, again, an effort to illuminate the government's approach.
Government's Rationale Regarding No Credit for Pre-landing Presence
I do not know for sure what the government's rationale was for eliminating the credit (towards the residency requirement for a grant of Citizenship), but there are plenty of clues in the backgrounder information, various statements and speeches, and the overall expressed purpose of the changes, to get a good sense of the key considerations and underlying rationale.
Whether or not the change is unfair or not in a general sense, it was not an arbitrary or capricious change in the law but rather one based on the interests and purposes afforded priority by this government.
In general terms, as the name of the Act (the "Strengthening Canadian Citizeship Act" or "SCCA" or Bill C-24) suggests, the purpose was to strengthen the value of Canadian citizenship by requiring a greater commitment to being an in-fact citizen of Canada (not merely obtaining citizenship status). Here too, whether the changes in law accomplish this purpose, and whether or not the changes themselves were fair to those who already immigrated to Canada but whose path to citizenship is significantly altered because of them, are of course questions open to debate and opposing opinions. But, again, the underlying reasons are quite apparent, and within the scheme of things for this government, rationally structured to further this government's purposes and priorities.
Reasonable Expectations:
To be clear, the argument, that anyone had a reasonable expectation there was a promise (either explicit or implicit) pre-landing time in Canada would count toward citizenship, is largely bogus, as any such expectation is contrary to the necessary intent a person has to have to qualify for temporary status.
All temporary status in Canada requires the individual to intend to leave Canada if and when that status expires. Intending to leave Canada is not consistent with an expectation of a right to continue staying in Canada let alone a reasonable expectation of being granted citizenship.
So, during the pre-landing period, the only expectation someone living and working in Canada could reasonably have is that Canada might grant status to stay longer, permanently even, rather than temporarily, and there was no basis for expecting citizenship unless and until qualifying for it only if and after permanent status was obtained.
OK, sure, many, many have come and continue to come to Canada to work temporarily, or to attend school in Canada, with a plan to get permanent status and eventually become a citizen. And Canada does recognize dual intent, such that a person in Canada with temporary status can also intend to seek status to stay permanently. But intending to seek permanent status, while also continuing to have an intent to leave Canada if and when temporary status ends, in no way implicitly promises the individual will even be granted permanent status, let alone citizenship, let alone be given credit toward qualifying for citizenship for time during which the individual had no permanent commitment to Canada.
The mere fact of a plan does not give rise to a reasonable expectation.
So, any argument of unfairness based on a purported reasonable expectation that pre-landing time would count toward qualifying for citizenship is more about what that individual planned than it is about any promises implicit in the Canadian immigration system. Many people are unfair to themselves by setting themselves up for disappointment due to unreasonable or unfounded expectations. Canada is not to blame for that.
There is, nonetheless, the separate issue as to whether or not an immigration system should give credit, toward qualifying for citizenship, for time spent in the country pursuant to temporary status.
Until 2014, the Canadian Parliament had decided that Canada should. Thus, section 5(1)(c) specifically included the one-half ratio of credit for time prior to becoming a PR.
As of 2014, commencing on a date to be ordered by the Governor in Council (which will be sometime this year), the Canadian Parliament has decided that such credit will no longer be given.
The reason is quite apparent:
Being in Canada temporarily does not constitute the level of commitment to Canada this government now requires to qualify for citizenship.
Whether this should be the law is, of course, subject to debate. It was not the law for decades. Canadians elected a government in 2011 which believed it should be the law and which followed the established process for changing the law. Done deal.
There is no doubt, any applications made after the coming into force date for the revised provisions in section 5(1)(c) and added 5(1))c.1), of the Citizenship Act (as revised by the SCCA), will not include any credit for time spent in Canada pursuant to temporary status. That will be the governing law and it will be applied. There is virtually no chance whatsoever that any court will invalidate this.