While there continues to be no news:
Sidebar regarding citizenship as a privilege or a right:
There is no doubt what the law says. Numerous members of the Canadian judiciary have expressly ruled, in official decisions, that the
GRANT of citizenship is a privilege, not a right.
What that means, however, is a source of much confusion, misperception, and unnecessary disputation.
Discussion about the dichotomy
privilege vs right tends to be muddled, rhetorical, and mired in personal values, and oft times the rhetoric is incoherent due to differences rooted in the use of different and incompatible meanings for these terms. The latter, the conflicts borne of inconsistent meanings, typically includes blurring without distinction moral rights, statutory rights, procedural rights, and constitutional rights, and with a tendency to totally ignore how the term
"privilege" is used in legal terminology.
Throw in a left field usage of the term
"privilege," such as in reference to an advantage held by persons within a certain class, and the discussion devolves into disarray if not chaos, if not simply nonsense.
In these discussions one rarely sees anyone using these terms as they are used in the law, with the meaning they bear when the Justices of the Federal Court reiterate that the
GRANT of citizenship is a
privilege, not a
right, except to the extent the bare bones proposition is expressed as such, that is, again, that the
GRANT of citizenship is a
privilege, not a
right.
I do not mean to offer an exegesis fully illuminating what is meant in the law when it is said that something is a privilege, is a right, or is in particular a privilege not a right. That would be too much an academic exercise even for me.
Understanding what is important about the distinction for purposes of grant citizenship:
For purposes of understanding what is important about the statement that the
GRANT of citizenship is a
privilege, not a
right, all one really needs to know is that the
burden of presenting evidence and proving qualification and entitlement is on the applicant, and thus the government does not need to show or prove anything to withhold a grant of citizenship.
The government cannot withhold or withdraw fundamental rights, those guaranteed by the constitution generally and the Charter more specifically, except when justified by an interest overriding personal rights, and the burden of proving justification to withhold or withdraw such rights is on the government. Thus, for example, unlike in some countries, people in Canada cannot be incarcerated based on mere suspicion. The government must meet prescribed procedural requirements, including the burden of presenting evidence which establishes (proves) the requisite grounds for holding an individual in custody. The individual can remain silent, and is still protected from being incarcerated unless the government follows certain procedures and sufficiently demonstrates the reasons for holding the individual in custody.
When a fundamental right is at stake, the burden of presentment and proof is on the government.
In contrast, when something is deemed a "privilege," the government can (and usually does) withhold that from an individual unless the individual makes a proper application for it, supported by the requisite information and documentation, subject to an adjudicative decision-making process in which the burden of presenting evidence and proving qualification is on the individual. The government can, in effect, remain silent, and if the individual falls short in proving the case, that "privilege" (such as the grant of citizenship) may be withheld from that individual. (The fact that CIC does not remain silent, but will conduct inquiries and assessments, perhaps even pursue an investigation, does not diminish the extent to which the burden of presenting evidence and proving qualification for the grant of citizenship remains on the applicant.)
For example, in the very recent
decision rejecting an appeal by Ukaobasi , which challenged the CJ's denial of his approval for citizenship, the CJ and the Court focused on the 108 day period immediately following the date this individual became a Permanent Resident, June 22, 2006. The government presented no evidence that Ukaobasi soon left Canada, let alone immediately left Canada, following the day he became a PR, but because Ukaobasi failed to submit any documentation to show activity in Canada between then and October 6, 2006, the CJ deducted those 108 days from Ukaobasi's residency calculation, with the result that he was short of the 1095 day threshold by just 15 days. While compromised credibility was a big factor in the approach taken by the CJ and the Federal Court, ultimately the decision itself turned on simply not including those 108 days in the residency calculation because the applicant had failed to prove he was actually present in Canada during that time . . . despite the fact there was no indication he left Canada during that time . . . and frankly, given that Ukaobasi was a refugee in Canada leading up to the day PR was granted, it seems rather unlikely he would have left Canada that soon after becoming a PR.
It is in a case like this that the distinction between the grant of citizenship being a
privilege, not a
right, looms large. Even if it is quite likely Ukaobasi was in Canada at least fifteen days between June 22, 2006 and October 6, 2006, which is all he needed to reach the 1095 days APP threshold, his failure to actually prove he was in Canada during that time period justified the CJ's denial of citizenship.