I. Observations in regards to the delays incurred in implementing the eTA for visa exempt FNs traveling to Canada:
Yes, indeed, the implementation of this program has been delayed by nearly a full year.
Note the Globe & Mail article published nearly
a year ago (June 2014) reported that the eTA would
begin in April 2015.
I do not recall the precise date, but the proposed regulatory changes were also published in the Gazette
last year.
Other government sourced information late last year continued to indicate that this program would be implemented sometime in the first half of 2015.
While the revised and new regulations for this come into force on August 1, 2015, the actual implementation date for requiring FNs with visa-exempt passports to obtain the eTA is now scheduled for
March 15, 2016 (see IRPA Regulation section 7.1 (1) as added). So yes, this reflects a delay nearly a full year beyond what was initially indicated by the government.
It may also be worth noting that the new regulations were
registered April 1st, but not published in the Gazette until April 22nd. This delay is of no import since the coming-into-force date is not until August, and the actual implementation date not until March next year. However, this illustrates the extent to which there is often a gap between the official date of an action and the date it gets officially published in the Gazette.
II. Observations as to significance of the eTA delays relative to the coming-into-force date of SCCA revised requirements for grant citizenship:
A. Reminder; already has been a big delay in implementing grant citizenship requirement changes:
Changes to the grant citizenship requirements were promised by the government in October
2011 but actually adopting the changes, as we all know, was delayed. Previous Minister Kenney, and subsequently the current Minister Alexander, both promised the changes to be
implemented before the end of 2013. So, actual adoption of changes was nearly a year late, and their implementation is, as of now, a year and a half late. Thus, if the eTA example is comparably applicable to the revised grant citizenship requirements, the latter would already be in effect.
Moreover, the revised regulations for the eTA program were just registered April 1st, to come into force August 1 (four months after adopted), and to be effectively in force as of March 15, 2016 (slightly less than a year after regulations adopted).
Compare that with the
SCCA, which was adopted (received Royal Assent, roughly comparable to registration of revised regulations) June 19, 2014. If a comparable timeline was followed, then the revised grant citizenship provisions would have come into force by October 19, 2014, and the actual implementation date would be . . . perhaps
June 1, 2015!
I do not offer this as actually illuminating or illustrating much about when the revised requirements for grant citizenship will actually come into force, but rather to illustrate that extrapolating from the eTA implementation would imply, if extrapolating was valid (it isn't), that either the
SCCA changes should already be in effect or would be by early June . . . not a later date.
But actually not much should be extrapolated from the timeline for the eTA regulatory changes.
B. eTA totally separate from Citizenship Act revisions:
Foremost, there is no indirect let alone direct connection between the eTA program and changes to grant citizenship requirements, so the relevance of this delay is merely that it is an example of how long it can sometimes take the government to actually implement programs like this, and that the timeline for implementation can be longer than planned.
This delay does
NOT imply anything about the implementation schedule for provisions of the
SCCA.
In particular, the background and process for implementing this program derives from agreements Harper made with U.S. President Obama clear back in
2011, in what was touted as the "Beyond the Border perimeter security agreement," and is but one part of a far larger plan with many complicated parts. Which is to say it is part of a wide range of other border-securing measures long in planning and totally unconnected to the revision of the
Citizenship Act. In fact, intentions to develop and implement this eTA program were announced in
February 2011.
Note as well that the eTA coming into force decision was in regards to
regulatory changes, that is changes to the IRPA Regulations, not statutory provisions adopted into law by Parliament. There are very formal and stringent requirements for adopting new regulations including required detailed cost and benefit analyses, and a comprehensive assessment of impact, since this is done by agency or departmental action not Parliament. In contrast, statutory provisions adopted in a legislative enactment, such as the
SCCA, are presumed to have been subject to any necessary analysis as part of the legislative process before the Act is adopted and given Royal Assent.
C. eTA actually a much larger and more complicated project:
While the eTA only affects
air travelers who are visa-exempt FNs (other than U.S. citizens), the scope of this program is absolutely huge.
(Note: while there are other exceptions, the only significantly large group of visa-exempt FNs not affected are U.S. citizens; thus, my references here to FNs also will exclude U.S. citizens.)
While I do not know the breakdown of non-resident FNs traveling by air to Canada who are visa-exempt versus not visa-exempt, I am quite certain that the vast majority of these FNs are indeed visa-exempt. Overall,
Statistics Canada reports that in 2014 the number of non-residents traveling to Canada by air was well over
FOUR MILLION.
In contrast, in 2014 the number of applications for citizenship was well less than
a quarter million.
Timeline for processing citizenship applications for less than a quarter million is many
months.
Timeline for processing the etA application:
MINUTES!
While there are numerous factors which played a significant role in how long it has taken Canada to roll this program out, two which are particularly significant have no comparable bearing in the factors which affect the implementation of new grant citizenship requirements:
-- widespread concern over impact on the 2015 summer tourist season; one of the specific reasons for delay was the expressed need for an
enrollment period (which is now the reason for the August 1, 2015 coming into force date but the enforcement date is March 15, 2016) and an implementation schedule which would have minimal impact on summer tourist travel to Canada, recognizing that a high percentage of the 4 million or so (+/- some year to year) annual travelers to Canada (more than 8 million if U.S. citizens are counted) come during the summer months . . . thus the delay so that there would be time well in advance of the summer tourist season for dissemination of information about the program and experience with actual enrollment, implementation, and enforcement, again to minimize the potentially disruptive impact on summer travel.
-- the huge task of developing, testing, and implementing the requisite technology. This program will require
admissibility decision-making in just MINUTES for MILLIONs of travelers a year, and requires coordination with all airlines with flights to Canada, including connecting flights through Canada, in a system which will provide immediate access to a
board/no board status for
all boarding visa-exempt FNs on every flight which is destined for or will otherwise land in Canada.
Note: while of course the revisions to the grant citizenship requirements will necessarily involve extensive technology modifications, other than the rebuilding of a very different online residency calculator this mostly involves modifying existing software, such as changing and adding some fields in the GCMS, editing the File Requirements Checklist and File Preparation Analysis Template, editing some operational manuals and practice instructions. This is no where near on a par with attempting to build a program largely from scratch which will process
Millions of applications in
minutes.
D. But sure, delays in the implementation of big government projects are common:
The extent of delay in implementing the eTA is indeed a good example of how much delay there can be when the government attempts to implement big changes.
And this is clearly happening relative to some parts of the
SCCA, recognizing that the provisions governing changes to grounds for revoking citizenship and the procedure for revoking citizenship were, the government announced, supposed to be implemented by now. But these particular provisions are also distinguishable. It is not often discussed, but there was a private members Bill (Bill C-425 if I recall the number correctly) tabled
years before Bill C-24 which Harper and Kenney (CIC Minister at the time) supported, with some amendments, and which was planned to go through the legislative process and become law (private members' Bills rarely get through to adoption, but this one was backed by the Conservative government), and that was supposed to implement grounds to take away citizenship for treason or terrorism. So, it was not as if this part of the
SCCA was brand new and indeed this was something both Kenney and Nicole Gerard had been working on long before Bill C-24 was tabled. And yet, there is still something holding this up and delaying it. But it is that something which distinguishes these provisions from those changing the requirements for grant citizenship, and while Galati's challenge last year was unsuccessful, elements underlying that challenge were a large part of why the private member's Bill did not proceed, and I suspect may indeed be underlying ongoing concerns. There are both substantive issues (revocation of citizenship for acts committed after becoming a citizen may not be constitutional) and procedural issues (these big time in my view). These issues are not implicated in the revised grant citizenship requirements.
So some of those on-the-cusp may indeed harbour some hope of further delay, delay beyond July or even longer. But I would not be banking on this. It is a long shot at most. Possible, but not much if at all likely.
If there is a delay I doubt it will be because of hurdles in implementing the grant citizenship changes, but rather will be tied to issues underlying changes to the grounds and procedure for revocation of citizenship. I do not know if the Governor in Council can separately order the coming-into-force date for those provisions of the
SCCA prescribed in section 46.(2) of the
SCCA, but in any event the latter groups together the sections revising the grant citizenship requirements and those changing revocation grounds and procedure. If there is a delay related to this, it could indeed be a rather long delay. This is why I have said (at least when I was being careful, perhaps not always) that a coming into force date this year was
virtually certain rather than
absolutely certain. Frankly, however, there is very little reason for those
on-the-cusp to cling to much hope based on this possibility . . . it is merely a possibility and a very unlikely one at that.
By the way note:
Regarding Minister Alexander's scheduled appearance at the Canadian Bar Association's National Immigration Law Conference next week, I believe it was questions he answered at this conference in
2013 for which he was quoted as
promising revised requirements for grant citizenship
by the end of the year (again, 2013), following up previous Minister Kenney's earlier similar promise (that, again, there would be new grant citizenship requirements by the end of 2013). Bill C-24 did not even get tabled until the following year (February 2014).
So, while like many I am very interested to learn what Chris Alexander says nest week about the coming-into-force date for the revised grant citizenship requirements, there is no guarantee he will say anything definite, and even if he does say something, what he does say will be no guarantee either.