Hi mmle, have you browsed through the Cairo visa office thread? http://www.canadavisa.com/canada-immigration-discussion-board/-t69666.0.html
I think it would help you to post your question there. First, as you found out, yes, there is civil marriage in Egypt (you can perform a civil ceremony at the Ministry of Justice, as my husband and I did), and the only restriction on religious marriages is that a Muslim woman cannot marry a non-Muslim man. Any other combination is fine. When your boyfriend applies for a family-class visa (conjugal or spousal) through the Cairo visa office, there will be a mix of Egyptians and Canadians evaluating your file. They will be measuring your case against what they believe are the cultural norms for Egypt (or for mixed Egyptian couples). I don't know for sure, but I would guess there is a good chance they would reject a conjugal application out of hand, because the only culturally appropriate relationship between a man and a woman here is marriage. They might excuse you for not knowing that, but they would expect your husband to know, and probably doubt the sincerity of his intentions if hasn't committed to you in the only way that counts here, especially after 4 years. I'm not sure what rights you've been told you'd be giving up if you got married in Egypt, but as long as you didn't apply for Egyptian nationality, your Canadian passport would trump anything Egypt might throw at you. Last, as other people have noticed, it is incredibly hard for Egyptians to get tourist visas to Canada. The visa office is corrupt, and there were several posts on the thread above about how impossible they make it for Egyptians to travel. So the best route for your boyfriend to go to Canada would be a student visa, IF you decide not to try the spousal visa. However, I don't know what happens if his student visa (which is good for the school year) expires before an inland application (which can take 2+ years) is successful- maybe someone else answered this already.
I'm not trying to pressure you to marry your boyfriend, just trying to provide you with more information... Again, I encourage you to ask your question on the Cairo VO thread because there are lots of Egyptians and Canadians there who can advise you!