Yes. You would sign up for a SIN, and file annual tax returns.
If you worked for the US, you would likely want to take advantage of the provisions of the US Canada tax treaty. You would end up getting a credit for the taxes paid to the other country.
Generally, what that means is you end up paying whichever country is highest. So, with the US, that would likely mean that you would end up owing Canadian income tax on all your income, but you could then apply for a credit in the US of the taxes paid, largely mitigating any US liabilities.