Right now they say a month but sometimes it's a bit longer.
Are you an FSW applicant or an AINP applicant? If you are FSW, then it doesn't matter. If you are AINP, you must land in AB and should give an AB address for your PR card. If you are AINP and they think you are not planning on staying in AB, you could have problems.
Yes, you could do that.
Most provinces will give you 1st day health care if you are moving from another country. The provinces that have a waiting period are ON, BC, NB and QC. Since you are not staying this time however, you don't really qualify to sign up for health care now. To keep your health care, you must normally stay in the province for at least 6 months a year. In ON, there is a special rule for newcomers that you must stay in the province for at least 5 months in your first 6 months.
Yes, a list of goods to follow is for what you plan to bring later.
It is up to your employer if they accept your degrees.
If you are not staying this time, you don't really have to apply for anything. If the address for the PRC doesn't work out, you can get one later when you are in Canada to stay. Same with SIN which is very fast to get. You can get the number in a day and the card itself in 2 weeks. Same thing with medical as I said previously. Bank account you can open later too. I suppose if you are staying at least 2-3 weeks this time, you can apply for your SIN card and you can open a bank account.