Let's look at your case from a Visa Officer's (VO's) point of view.
Your fiance seems to be an illegal in Canada now -- if his PR status has expired and his passport has expired, as you say. So no, he could not effectively sponsor you for a visit to Canada.
Even if one of his relatives were to sponsor you, the VO will want proof that you will return to Japan at the end of your visit to Canada. What ties to Japan do you have? The VO will consider that you come from the Philippines, but ties to that country must be weak since you are residing in Japan.
So, your ties to Japan need to appear very strong. Otherwise, the VO will suspect that you would stay illegally in Canada with your fiance if you got a visitor's visa.