To claim asylum in Canada, you and your family must obtain tourist visas (TRVs), travel to Canada and then claim asylum once you arrive in Canada.
Information on how to apply for a TRV is in the link below. Unfortunately it will likely be very challenging for you to be approved for a TRV given your family's circumstances.
Sir you need to reach Canada first you need to find how you get your passport back ask experts but even when you get your passport you need to get first temporary Canada visa and apply at airport or ircc office it’s up to you thanks .
You can apply under private sponsorships like SAH or Group of 5 (if you approved by unhcr in interview or turkish government) for SAH its hard to find and also they pay your expenses for 1 year but for SAH you have to find 5 people who support you for 1 year , also YOU DONT NEEED A PASSPORT FOR PRIVATE sponsorships if you have your refugee kimlik from turkey , process time is abour 2 2.5 years and once you get interview by embassy they willl issue you a travel document to travel to canada WITHOUT PASSPORT , best wishes
