How long it takes depends on how you apply for PR and several other factors.
Let's say that you are outside of Canada and submit your application through Express Entry. Then it takes around 1 year for the application to be process and for your visa to be approved. You would then move to Canada and become a permanent resident. Once you have become a PR, you would need to live in Canada for three years out of a five year period to qualify for citizenship. So if you come to Canada and then don't leave at all (not even for one day), the you would qualify to apply for citizenship three years after you become a PR. You when then apply for citizenship which would probably take around a year to process. Once you are a citizen, the passport only takes a few weeks.
If you apply for PR through a different stream, it could be somewhat shorter or it could take a lot longer (e.g. if you apply for PR as a refugee or through H&C).