1. No. You would need to apply for a PRTD with H&C considerations. If that is approved, you would then need to travel to Canada and apply for a PR card once you are in Canada. Also, I don't understand your dates. You say you got PR in 2008 but also say you left Canada in 2005. Is one of these...
No, wait a few weeks before you submit. 3-4 weeks.
With no buffer or a very small buffer, your application is much more likely to be routed to secondary review and then you'll be waiting a lot longer than the extra 3-4 weeks.
What are your H&C reasons for failing to meet the residency obligation? Working outside of Canada is not accepted as a reason.
Is your spouse living in Canada and does your spouse meet RO?
Neither is realistic.
1) No, not at all realistic. You face no real immigration barriers that would qualify you for conjugal. It would be extremely easy for you to either get married or become common law.
2) This is also not realistic. A visitor visa does not allow her to live in Canada...
Generally speaking, making the decision to study outside of Canada is not considered as an H&C argument since this is a personal choice and not a situation where someone was forced to remain outside of Canada. He should certainly try applying for a PRTD under H&C once he is ready to move back to...
Hire an immigration lawyer. This is going to be an uphill battle with low chances of success given your family never really established themselves in Canada after getting PR.
I honestly don't know the answer to this which is why I told the OP to ask. However I do know that you don't necessarily need to have long term status to participate. You can participate in many instances as a visitor if you meet the criteria.
There is no such thing as a clinical trial visa or permit. Participating in a clinic trial is not strong grounds for H&C. If you apply for H&C, you will not get a temporary visa or permit. You'll remain out of status in Canada for most of the process.
If you are searching for a way to get your...
You cannot apply for a work permit or TRV from inside of Canada. Your only option would be to leave Canada and apply from outside of the country. Or you would need to remain in Canada without status. You should check with the clinical trial coordinator if they are willing to accept people into...